general overview
Color in today’s world plays a very important role in cultivating human taste and satisfaction and satisfying its aesthetic needs. That’s why they call the sense of color in the sense of the seventh sense. In the area of production, man is decorating homes, apparel and even drinks in art, painting, shipping industries, and consumer affairs in the spatial industry, and in brief in all colors. In general, color is used in addition to creating the beauty of the environment, to protect objects against natural factors, and so on.
History
The history of the use of colored materials by humans reaches the age of the cave. The first practical and practical application of colored materials can be attributed to the construction of the Noah’s Ship, which was used to prevent water penetration and decay. Later, colored materials used to protect wood from decay in wooden buildings and when ironware was commonly used to prevent them from ringing.
Color components
Each color consists essentially of two main parts:
Pigment
The color matter is insoluble in water (impure clay and snow powder from colored stones are used as the first pigments used by humans).
Colored Colors
A fluid mixed with pigmentation makes it easy to use and helps to stick it (egg whites, sugar glue honey, used as colorants). Today, the most commonly used pigments are water or oil. Hence, the colors are divided into two groups of oily colors and organic colors.
Types of pigment
Oxides
• Limonite (Fe2O3.2H2O) is used to make red and is one of the oldest pigments.
• Hematite (Fe2O3) is used to provide a bright red color.
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) is used to provide a bright and very high white color that is not dark in the air. Usually it is mixed with barium sulfate.
• Zinc oxide (ZnO), which is one of the most important white pigments that results from the decomposition of zinc carbonate or burning of zinc metal in the air.
• Sang (Pb2O3), which has a red or dark red color, and more often used to cover the surface of steel parts in order to protect them from rust.
Zinc sulfide and Lithopene
Zinc sulfide is used to provide a matte white color, and its advantages are that, unlike bleach, the lead in the air is not black. This pigment is commonly used in the trade as a mixture of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate, called lipotope, which is a very high white color.
Lead bleach
This color mainly includes Pb (OH) 2, PbCO3, which has been known for centuries. Their coating capability is high, but it’s blackened by air due to H2O. To re-convert it to white, you can use the effect of hydrogen peroxide.
Soot Lights and Bone Charcoal
One of the components is black and composite and is also used to change the color white.
Metallic pigments
• Like aluminum powder in polished oil, which is used to protect steel and iron products
• Aluminum Bronze (Al alloy, Cu) in polished oil, which is used to create a beautiful golden color for frames and so on.
Pigment pigment
• Aqueous pigments: The most important of these are pigments, blue Prussia and blue indigo or lazuli. Blue Prussia is one of the most important blue colors. Azure is also one of the best-quality dyes that can be used to heat a mixture of kaolin, sodium carbonate, sulfur and coal in the absence of air.
• Yellow color: The most important of these pigments is zinc chromate and lead chromite. From coal tar, pigments are also found as insoluble salts of metals in hydrocarbons
Aluminum sulfate is closed as a jelly. After drying, the powder is mixed with pigments such as calcium carbonate and silica, and they are used in a variety of colors.
Oily colors
In these types of colors, the pigment is dissolved in a drying oil that contains esters of glycerin with fatty acids, such as oleic acids or linolenic acids. These oils are oxidized in the air, converted to garlic compounds, and form hardened and protective coatings that prevent the penetration of water in the pigment.
Diluent
It is used to dilute and ease the use of color, and usually a hydrocarbon solvent, such as tryptine, which is known as turbinate oil.
dryer
One of the components of oily colors, which in fact is the catalyst’s role in accelerating the oxidation and drying of colors, and usually a mixture of lead oxides, manganese and cobalt in the (linseed oil) are used as esters.
Plastic colors
By adding synthetic resins such as phenol and formaldehyde resin, which is a plastic property, plastic dyes are obtained in polished oil. This type of color is important because of its durability and washable properties.
Embossed or opaque colors
Adding colors such as TiO2 to polished oil, it is stained, then used to smudge any color.
Car color
These types of colors should have this feature that quickly dry in the air. To this end, the solvent is dissolved in highly volatile organic solvents such as acetamide, acetate or butylated acetate. For metallic paints, metal pigments are used.
Water-soluble paints
These types of colors are prepared by suspending pigments in mixed water with a water-soluble glue. Oily colors are cheaper and can not be washed.
Industrial production of black pigment
Carbon black is the only major black pigment. This pigment is used in the rubber industry as well as as a hardener for some mechanical parts. Most inkjets are based on this pigment. The black carbon used in printing ink should be in fine grains. Black pigments used in plastics and colors and clothes are made of carbon black.
Chemical pigment black pigmentation methods
Due to the wide application of black pigment in the industry, various methods have been developed for its production today, and the particle diameter is different depending on the type of application. There are three main methods for the preparation of this pigment, which include:
Anali’s process
In this process, a natural gas flame enters an iron channel of 20 to 25 centimeters. Soot is extracted from this channel. The particle diameter obtained with this method is 10 to 300 nm.
The process of temperature (Internal black process)
In this way, natural gas is broken down to hydrogen and carbon at temperatures between 1100 ° C and 1650 ° C. The particle diameter obtained in this method is 140 to 500 nm.
Oil Blasting Process
Aromatic oils are used in this process. In some cases, they use bituminous derivatives. This process takes place in a steel reactor. It should be noted that soot on the metals has an active property, so to prevent corrosion of metals, it does not directly use it on the metal.
Pigments and its types
Overview
Usually, colored materials are classified into two groups of pigments (paints) and colors. The pigment is different in color. The difference is that the color must be absorbed by the dye, while the pigment only stains the surface of the object. The pigments are insoluble in water. But they can be supplemented by the appropriate solvent in the form of pigments used in painting.
If the chemical structure of the pigment can be changed slightly so that it can be soluble in water, then it may be possible to use it as a color in dyeing.
History
The appearance of new pigments slowly took place over time. After the synthesis of the first artificial color by William Perkin in 1856, synthetic organic pigments were subsequently produced and marketed in the early twentieth century. These pigments were of particular importance because in addition to the use of mineral pigments (varnishes, oil paints, printing industry, etc.), dyeing of fibers and textiles was also used. One of the most important discoveries about organic pigments is cache
The phthalocyanine pigment was invented by chemists in Scotland in 1935.
Pigments
Pigments or pigments are solid decorative materials that are prepared and used in various shapes and sizes in halogenated solvents, including black and white and colored materials, and are widely used in coating, dyeing and dispersion in the air.
Types of pigments
Typically, pigments are categorized as mineral or organic pigments based on chemical types, but these organic or mineral pigments can be natural or synthetic.
Natural and artificial pigments
Natural mineral pigments from the earth’s crust are extracted, crushed, washed, graded in size. Often, for these natural pigments, there is an artificial equivalent, meaning the pigment is made up of other components by a chemical process. It is apparently chemically identical to the natural sample, but it often has different properties, and is usually preferred by a more favorable crystalline form, more purity and a more favorable grain size than the natural one.
Natural mineral pigments that are still important are from the iron oxide family, which are: Broccoli, Muscovy (Red Soot), Yellow Oxide, Oxide
Yellow red and black iron.
Organic pigments
Organic pigments today are far more mineral pigments than organic pigments. Some of the newest pigments have an organic metal structure. Most organic pigments are organic chemicals that have been deposited on an aluminum hydroxide mineral deposit core. One of the most important organic pigments can be found in the group of phthalocyanins, which include the color spectrum of blue and green, and copper phthalocyanine is a blue pigment due to its good resistance properties.
For multiple factors, it is a valuable pigment.
Photothalicines are synthesized from phthalic and urea. Organic pigments, as used today in the industry, are not found in nature, and almost all of them are synthesized.
The main mineral pigments
• White pigments
• Red pigments of sorghum
• Snooping
• Yellow and Orange CdS Pigments
• Blue pigments
• Azure or Ultramarine pigments
• Cr2O3 green pigments
